Why Do We Have Vaccinations - 819 Words

Why do we have vaccinations? Is it so that vaccinations help people not get diseases and can help people get over what they have? Vaccinations are a good thing to have so that it helps stop a virus and not get others around you sick. Many people believe vaccination is a good thing to have. Vaccinations can save your children’s life because of all the advantages in medical science, children all over the world can be protected by diseases and more. Diseases that have killed children have been looked into and there has been a vaccine made to help kill the disease or help prevent. (www.vaccines.gov) Vaccinations are very safe and affective. Vaccines are only given to children after doctors look into is and see what all the side effects it has and what it is made out of. While getting the vaccine it can cause some irritation and discomfort. This pain is only minimal of what it could have been with out the vaccination. (www.vaccines.gov) Immunization protects can protect anyone that gets them. Children in the united states still get vaccination even as they are growing up due to the fact that there are more and more diseases discovered every day or over time. In 2010 the United States had over two thousand cases of whopping cough and was reported over 20 deaths, most children were younger then six months. (www.vaccines.gov) This can save many families time and money by getting it done when they are a child and as they are growing up. Children who have diseases van not beShow MoreRelatedVaccines1112 Words   |  5 PagesJanuary 1st to February 13th, 2015, there have been 141 reported cases of Measles in 17 states across America (citation). Measles is an infectious viral disease causing fever and a red rash on the skin, typically occurring in childhood. This infectious disease can be prevented by getting a vaccine. A vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases. In the past 50 years, vaccinations have saved more lives worldwide than any otherRead MoreVaccines Are Not Only Safe881 Words   |  4 Pages On the side of defending vaccinations, many people, as well as myself, stand firm in our beliefs, that vaccinations are good. The fact of the matter is there wouldn’t be such thing as vaccinations if they didn’t work. I believe a lot of the troubles come from the Autism scare, which I do understand is a frightening thought for a lot of parents, but with countless studies conducted and all pointing to a negative correlation of the two, I think its time to stop using that as an excuse, with StevenRead MoreThe Importance of Vaccinations for Childrens Health821 Words   |  3 PagesWhy do we have vaccinations? Is it so that vaccinations help people not get diseases and can help people get over what they have? Vaccinations are a good thing to have so that it helps to stop a virus and not get other people around you sick. Many people believe that vaccinations are good things to get. Vaccinations can save your children’s life because of all the advantages in medical science. Children all over the world can or could have been protected by many diseases and cure the diseases.Read MoreThe Debate Over Vaccinations for Adults and Children Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions have arisen about immunizations and there are quite a few people who are either hesitant to or will not have themselves and their children immunized. I am a person who believes that children and adults should be immunized, by not receiving vaccinations it is possible to be putting the public at risk for more diseases. It should not matter what the parents’ philosophical or religious views are. In my opinion vaccinations for all children and adults should be mandatory. Without vaccinations it isRead MoreModern Immunizations: Flaws and Imperfections Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, vaccinations are a very important part of our regular health care routine. We begin vaccinating when a child is only two months old and they will continue to receive vaccinations throughout their life (Maldonado, 2002). The vaccinations we currently administer are not perfect. They were developed mainly using luck but we have had great success rates with them. There is still room for improvement. However normal this part of our lives seems, there are still many questions scientists have aboutRead MoreThe Medical Influence Of The American Me dical Association1263 Words   |  6 Pagesis gaining ground in our country. The American Medical Association, in particular, aims to influence our doctors towards changing how we do medicine in Canada. The recent annual Halifax meeting last August 23 to 26, for instance, conducted under the leadership of the Canadian Medical Association, has an 80,000 member group ready to lobby for mandatory vaccinations (Mihalovic n.p.). If their influence among legislators is strong enough, they can eventually force parents to vaccinate their childrenRead MoreVaccine Is An Organic Process That Keeps People From Developing Diseases?1309 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever been vaccinated in your entire life or do you know what vaccine is? A vaccine is an organic process that keeps people from developing diseases. Some people say that, since they received vaccinations since as children, their health has improved. However, other people say that vaccination causes different diseases like cancer and autism. They are afraid to be vaccinated. Some parents say that when the nurses who are in training vaccinate children, they put the vaccination needle in theRead MoreLack Of Vaccinations : Vaccines941 Words   |  4 PagesJudd 1 Zulayka M. Judd 12/02/2015 Lack Of Vaccinations Problem significance: Vaccines are a a substance used to produce antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, which is prepared from the causative agent of a disease. Vaccinations are made through research companies that go through an extensive process. Even after this research is completed, there are an addition three phases the drug must go through before the public can use it. After the phases are complete, the sideRead MoreShould Mandatory Vaccinations Be Good For Our Kids?1521 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinations Today we seem to take in many conversations on whether mandatory vaccinations are good for our kids. With nearly 90 percentage parents in the U.S. understand the risk vs. benefit factor to be in favor too vaccinate, when handed the choice, about a 10 percent of parents delay or cut some shots with 1 percent that don’t vaccinate at all. (Pemberton, 2015) We see viruses from our past, which were heavily infected among our grandparents or parents time, such as poliomyelitis and measlesRead MoreThe Main Stakeholders Of Childhood Vaccination1543 Words   |  7 Pagesto Childhood Vaccination, we will discuss about the major and key stakeholders. These major stakeholders, those influencing and shaping the debate are; Government and Legislators (Policy Makers), Parents, NGO’s and Lobby Groups. We can also find some least influential stakeholders which do not have as such influence on this issue but they are the one who are most â€Å"affected by† group in term of the issue is concerned. These are New-Parents/Future Parents and Children. In this part, we will try to find

The Study of Political Science Essay - 653 Words

Political science includes a wide range of topics that attempts to describe and explain the political process, politics, and the relationship among governments. As American citizens we should all be informed and be educated about all these above topics. We as citizens cannot be unconscious of our government as the government can make or break our lives. The general areas of study in political science include American government and politics, political theory, public administration, public law, comparative politics and international relations. Political science is the study of people’s behavior as it relates to control the public organizations. The concept is normally divided into six subcategories: Political philosophy- which deals with†¦show more content†¦The next category is the nation public law- which involves the judicial process, civil rights, liberties and the importance of such terms as equal opportunity and due process in the United States. The following category is Comparative government which raises the same questions of politics, administration and law about other countries. Moreover, it also moves towards conclusion based on comparison between them. Finally, International politics deals with relations between the states and other international actors, such as multinational corporations, the United Nations and with the fundamental realities of power based on resources, wealth, military care and national security. All these may directly and indirectly affect our lives as citizens. A major in political science prepares students for law school, government employment on the local, state and national levels, foreign service, teaching, business, journalism, or leadership in civic and political activities. For pre-law students, the department provides a series of law-related courses. There is a pre-law adviser and an active Pre-law Society that enable students to make close and direct contact with the work of attorneys and judges. Moreover political science is important since it makes citizens familiar with their legal system. If people don’t understand the law of the land, peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Study of Political Science2262 Words   |  9 PagesIn the study of political science it is important to understand how people think and why they think that certain way. This affects the priorities of problems they have and would like resolved by government officials. There are many factors that can attribute to what people want before other problems and what are the main concerns of those people based on geographical area, ideology, and even religion. The question posed for my research is How can a government official such as a senator know whatRead MoreEconomic Studies And Political Science1595 Words   |  7 Pages Name : Abdelmonem Lotfy Mohamed Kamal Position: Assistant Professor of Economics and Public Finance : Faculty of Economic Studies and Political Science : Beni Suef University : Egypt E-mail : alotfy@eps.bsu.edu.eg Mailing Address: (9/8) Alshatr (2) Mashroo Iskan Sherket Almaadi, Zahraa Almaadi, Cairo, Egypt â€Å"Testing the Relation between Government Spending and Private Consumption in Egypt† Introduction: During the periodRead MorePublic Policy Is An Important Part Of Any Political Science Studies1652 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Policy is an important part of any political science studies. While when studying government, some issues may be boring or inapplicable the public policy process isn’t. The process brings about interest and controversy in most issues up for debate and this past semester has been no different. While many people might find the implementation of policy daunting I have gotten the opportunity to put the theories strategies of public policy to the test whether that be through TV shows (West WingRead MoreWith Respect To The Concerning Question, There Has Been1473 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen divided when discussing the claim that the Study of Politics is a science. Aristotle described politics as the â€Å"master science†; Hobbs, Pollock, Bryce and many others have long considered Politics to be a scientific study. Inversely, Mosca, Comte and Maitland , among others, question its eligibility. †¨According to the Oxford Dictionaries, Science can be described as, â€Å"A systematically organised body of knowledge on a particular subject† where Science is split into two key types: natural and socialRead Moreon killing a tree Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesPankaj Bora at 10:18 PM BEHAVIORAL AND POST BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Meaning and definition of Behavioural Approach: The behavioural approach to political science mainly emphasizes on scientific, objective and value free study of political phenomenon. This approach stresses upon the use of empirical as well as scientific methods of study political behavior. This approach shifts its emphasis from the study of the state and government to the day-today problems, activities andRead MoreIs the Study of Politics Best Considered a Science or an Art?1733 Words   |  7 PagesIs the study of politics best considered a science or an art? Since its conception as a formal academic discipline, Politics has existed on the fault line between two great fields of enquiry, the sciences and the arts. During the mid 20th century, with the rise of the behavioural movement, a general trend towards the â€Å"scientification† of the study of politics could be observed. The origins of this movement can be traced back to the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle and the writings of AugusteRead MoreIs Politics A Science?1058 Words   |  5 PagesIs politics a science in the first place? Numerous scholars believe politics is too normative to be considered a â€Å"Science† and that the generalizations made in science cannot be implemented in politics, furthermore, some say it is more of an art than science. Aristotle described politics as the â€Å"Master Science† as it relates to all other disciplines such as economy and philosophy. Personally I had my doubts in the beginning of the course of how much science c an be in politics and if it is truly aRead MoreEssay on Political Science864 Words   |  4 Pagesvalidity of Political Science being an actual science. Furthermore, there are opposing viewpoints between political science scholars as to the discipline being a social science or a synthesis of natural and social science. One such academic; Charles Merriam asserts that political science has the characteristics of both sciences, because it adapt the study of human behavior to provide an analysis of political institutions. Political scientists in theory espouse the notion that political science borrowsRead MoreCan the Study of Politics Be Scientific or Not?606 Words   |  3 PagesPL 115 ASSIGNMENT Q. 2 The aim of this essay is to discuss â€Å"Can the study of politics be scientific or not?† and I will give reasons for my arguments. It will be divided into three parts: the first part is the introduction, the second part discusses politics and science then the last part concludes the essay. Keywords: Politics and Scientific DEFINITIONS Politics: There are various definitions of politics. i. Politics is the art of managing conflicts. Conflicts occur at different levelsRead MoreThe Difference Between Political Science And Political Philosophy729 Words   |  3 Pageshonest, even though we know how we should behave we don’t always behave that way. The difference between the perfection and reality is the difference between political science and political philosophy. I believe that the field of political science is indeed in contrast to political philosophy. As I already mentioned, the field of political philosophy concentrates on how things ought to be. It makes normative statements about the world and the society. In Plato’s major work Republic, he describes

Project Management Package Drinking Water Bottling Plant

Question: Describe about the Aims of the project, Description of the Organization and Critical evaluation of the practice and measurement of the influence of "Jivan" organization? Answer: Executive Summary Bahrain, an archipelago of 36 land located in the Persian Gulf is an oil producing country. A country, which only focuses on oil production so desalinated water, is not available. Ground water is used for industrial purposes. Therefore, there is an idea of opening an organization of packaged drinking water that will be helpful for the residents of the country to consume clean and germ free water. The organization is a start up in the country so few things have to be kept in mind like the man- power, machinery , production and the packaging of the product. As the organization is a new comer in the country so they are opening it with very few people but in the coming year both the number of workers and their production will also increase. But in the first one year certain things will have to be kept in mind like the sanction of their finance, their registration, no objection letter from the government. In the cost part the organization have to certain things in their mind i.e. capital expenditure, operating expenditure, capital maintenance, additional cost and external cost. At the end it will be seen how the organization is maintaining their man-power and estimating their costs. In the recommendation part it would be described as- Proper budget would be required for each cost segments like capital expenditure, operation expenditure, capital maintenance, additional cost and external costs. All the benefits need to be re-defined. 1.0 Introduction An archipelago of 36 lands, Bahrain is located in the Persian Gulf with a dense population. Bahrain has been experiencing high rates in the growth of population; Damman aquifer provides groundwater by lateral under-flow to Bahrain. There is no system of dams. Treatment of water is very less and if any than water treated through tertiary treatment is only used for agricultural purposes while the rest id released in the sea. Groundwater is used for industrial and domestic purposes and rest is desalinated water which is very less left for consumption. For many years the government has been taking actions to solve the crisis of water but no such results have been seen (BlaÃ…Â ¾ek and Macekov, 2010). The project is based on setting up a packaged drinking unit in Bahrain so fresh water is available for the residents of the country for consumption. This gives the idea about the aims and objectives that is to be taken care, the elaborate description of the organization and the finance re quired to set up a project. Finally suggestions are given to upgrade the project (Sawicki, 2011). 1.2 Aims of the project: To examine and measure the quality of water available in the country To examine the degree of pollution level in the water bodies due to the activities of the residents. To examine the extent of solid wastes disposed in the sea and the method of disposing the same To examine the sewage produced and the quality of the same To examine the socio-economic influence on the population To continuously monitor the materials required and finally used and the deliverables 1.3 Objectives of the project: 1. To lessen the water crisis faced by the population by bringing a unit of packaged drinking water plant.2. To analyze the technique and procedure used in building up the plant with respect to the costs, effectiveness and environmental impact.3. To build up a plant which must be accepted environmentally and be cost-effective.4. To provide fresh drinking water to the residents at a price affordable by the population. 5. To build up a packaged drinking water plant within the country with the help of newer technology and store water for the residents of the country. 1.5 Scope of the project: The scope of the project can be summarized in the following way: 1. To identify the place where the plant is to be set up and the raw materials needed.2. To find the out- What is the condition of the water system of the country? What treatment should be done to the water available?3. To find out -What should be the manpower strength required for the plant?4. To find out- What are the legal procedures that should be undertaken for this kind of project?5. To find and evaluate the costs to be incurred in the project- What should be the capital needed? What should be the operational cost of the entire project? What should be the cost for hiring people for the project?6. To find out the stipulated time needed to complete the project and also to find the crash time if the project time exceeds. 1.6 Description of the Organization Bahrain is an oil producing country. As it is producing oil it is polluting the environment very badly. Drinking water is getting polluted and when common people are drinking that water then they are falling sick and it is affecting their health very badly. So, the company JIVAN is coming up with new plan of packaged drinking water which will be highly filtered so that not a single piece of chemical molecule is found. As the organization is a start up organization in this country so the man-power of this company is very small but the company will be having updated technologies which will help in filtering the water precisely. In the beginning the total number of workers will be working in this organization will be around 10. In the organization, there will be person who will handle the accounts and he will be the cashier also. There will around 6 people who will be falling under grade D. There will be a sweeper, unskilled workers, mechanic driver and a guard. Almost all of them will be permanent staff except the sweeper. In the organization there will be a production manager who will also be the chief under whom the whole work of filtering the water and packaging will be done. He will be supervising the whole matter. A lab assistant will also be there who will also a skilled electrician (Boucekkine, Martinez and Saglam, 2010). 1.7 Description of the project The main aim of the project is to give the common people safe, clean and portable drinking water for their consumption. As it is known that now many organizations are coming up with plant of packaged drinking water so the companys aim will be to reach the common people as fast as possible and fulfill their needs. There is always a demand for drinking water as there are large numbers of hotels because Bahrain is a tourist spot and people are coming from different parts of the world to visit the place (Sullivan and Amacher, 2009). So it is the companys responsibility to give the tourists germ free clean packaged drinking water. To keep the market of packaged drinking water they have to keep their supply high from their competitors and for that the productions of the organization have to be more. The organization will have their own building which would be open for 300days and there will be only one shift. As it is a start up organization so their main focus will be using their full capacity in their second year. The workers will be paid according to the present rate of the market of the industry. The interest of the firm will be calculated @12% per year. Within 8 months period from the installation of the organization they have to complete certain activities like Preparation of schemes and their approval Registration of SSI provisional. Sanction of financial supports. Machinery installation and power connections Trial and Error run of the production. No objection permission from the Government The plant will be located in such a place where there will be easy availability of clean water, electricity and PET bottles and the market is also easily accessible. Manufacturing Process- The flowchart of the manufacturing Process- (Dougherty, Edward and Ragan, 2014) They are starting up this organization due to pollution in drinking water so they have to keep in mind that they are not polluting the environment. As disposal these types of organizations have only waste water which should be treated and effectively used. Measures on conservation of electricity will also be kept in mind. 1.7 Project cost objectives: This section of the study dealt with various cost objectives of the project as well as the procedure to manage the cost objectives. It is noted that the cost objectives are broadly classified under four heads, such as capital expenditure, operation expenses, capital maintenance and external cost. Below are the details of each of the cost objectives: Capital expenditure: Capital expenditure helps us to understand the water quality improvement schemes that incurred to acquired or upgrade physical assets. If the capital costs are involved and it applies to the end users then the costs for that item will be concerned (BlaÃ…Â ¾ek and Macekov, 2010). A] Plant and machinery: Operating expenditure: Operating cost includes additional monitoring costs, energy costs, chemical costs, labour/manpower costs, etc. Additional annual operating costs depends on particular intervention gives us the operating cost (GCPL consolidated net up 2% on higher tax, operating expenditure, 2013). Raw material: Capital maintenance: Capital costs incurred on an improvement system to maintain the existing standard. It says that profit should not be recognized unless a business has at least maintained the amount of its net assets during the period of accounting (Boucekkine, Martinez and Saglam, 2010). Additional costs: Additional costs includes replacement costs, overhead costs etc (Sawicki, 2011). External costs social and environmental costs: External social and environment costs include items like traffic congestion costs, delay to pedestrians due to repair works, noise pollution, carbon impacts of intervention etc. External costs depend on identifying the particular operational improvement in the particular location of implementation (Dougherty, Edward and Ragan, 2014). As per general rule, externalities should be included if they are quantified and although care must be taken to ensure any unquantifiable external impacts that are not completely disregarded (Sullivan and Amacher, 2009). In order to fulfill all the cost objectives, the organization, JIVAN aims to access government funding support for Small and medium size enterprises. The above details explores that the project requires USD $2, 87,806.23. Here, the organization aims to take a loan of USD $ 2, 00,000 from government and rest of the amount will be personal investment. Figure: Procedure to manage cost objectives 1.7.1 Explannation of cost determination for the project In order to determine the cost and schedule for this capital project following stages are followed Conceptualization of project cost and timeline: Before developing the plant for package drinking water bottle, financial and physical feasibility of the capital project are ascertained. Apart from that, in orde to complete the anaylsis, management of the project assigned the staff for producing several options for the site. Estimate proliminary budget and Schedule: The manager of the project designed the details of building costs of the taken project plan and caculate the costs of componenets along with the project budget. For this particular project, manager of this project signed the Capital Imporvement Budget by the campus architect. Project approval Budget and Schedule: Aftercompleting the deisgn phase of the packagedrinking water bottle project, respected manager of this project developed the secobd budget and scheduled properly. However, the alignment of the scope and budget was not approved. Therefore, project manager involve the Value Enginerring session for reconcil without additional funding. Bid Proposal: After completed the drawing of working project, project managers seek the bid proposal from contractor in order to build the project successfully. 1.7.2 Cost Determination Strategy in making a project In order to make the project of Package Drinking Water Bottle, cost based pricing strategy was determined. This cost determination strategy allowed in involving the setting of price in a fixed amount for the making or project. Following diagram is the result of cost determination strategy of this particular project Figure: Typical Activity level of the phase of the project life 4.0 Critical evaluation of the practice and measurement of influence: To minimize the cost objectives the company is using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) technique. CBA is a systematic process or technique through which any company can analyze all the business decision on the basis of the estimation of the strengths and the weakness. It considers both the quantitative and the qualitative factors of the all the investment and the cost company have done. It is also known as Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) (Cost-Benefit Analysis, 2012). So to evaluate the cost of the company they take some of the costs into account. These are as follows Capital Expenditure: Every organization uses some of the bulk amount of their investment as capital cost expenditure or as fixed asset. Capital cost is the main cost which is incurred to set up or upgrade the techniques or assets which is used to start some of the schemes which helps to improve the quality of the packaged water. This also includes the purchasing cost of the raw materials, equipments etc which the company are using to accomplish their purpose. Some of them include cleaning apparatus which are used, washouts, vehicles etc. In capital expenditure all the preparatory cost including the installation cost of the washouts etc. Operating Expenditure: It is also one of the important expenditure of any organization which is includes all the operations which are required to do all the intervention for packaged drinking water. In Operating Expenditure (OPEX) of the company all the labor cost, work cost, transportation cost includes. It also includes that cost, which is lost, or misuse at the time of the cleaning process. Capital Maintenance: In it the costs includes all the maintenance cost, replacing cost of the equipments, the cost which is used to maintain in the expenditure of the quality of the packaged drinking water. Capital costs are also includes the cost which is used to maintain the existing standard. Under capital maintenance, there are two parts financial capital maintenance and physical capital maintenance. The financial maintenance for this project is all the monetary costs, profits and all the financial expenditure. Additional Costs: Under additional cost all the replacement cost, overhead cost, etc that indirectly affects the costs of the company. Additional costs also come under the extra costs of the company. If the additional cost do not come under the capital cost than it will be effect directly into the cost of products. External costs: External costs include all the environmental costs of the company. In external cost, the intervention cost that incurred due to repairing, cost of congestion also includes. External costs also not directly included to the companys cost it is indirectly connected to the company. Some of the cases, external costs may leads to the market failure. This cost actually comes when producing any good or services which also imposes the third party cost. External costs always depend on the operational improvement of the implementation of the new plan (Cost-Benefit Analysis, 2012). 6.0 Recommendations for improvement of the project costs: The above analysis explores that in order to attain success the organization, Jivan need to follow the below mentioned strategy: Be Agile: Appropriate estimation of the project cost. In order to do this, first it requires proper planning of the project with considering all the factors of the project; Do not Micromanage: the organization also requires appropriate estimation of the cost by developing the budget plan so that they have the rough idea where and how can they estimate the incurred costs; Improvement of project management practice: The organization also have to look after all the necessary resources which includes all the indirect cost so that they can estimate the project in a accurate manner so that they can earn profit; Ongoing Planning: JIVAN can also prepare an analysis report of the detailed task so that the work can be performed in a respective manner; Communicate and Visualize all the activities and deliverables of the project: The organization can choose the simplest form to perform the work rather than using complex method so that they can avoid the error in the report analysis. Complete deliverables step-by-step: Project manager has to take the total responsibility of completing the project deliverables according to needs and requirements of the project. Healthy Risk management: This is the most important and effective step of excute a succesfull project. The assign officer with the respected project has to be more responsible in terms of detecting the potentiality of the project as well as issues. 6.1 Conclusion: By concluding this, it describes the main aim of the project that how to estimate the project in such a way that it can incurred the profit by utilizing all the factors. The main points, which it includes, are how they estimate all the costs such as Capital Expenditure, Operating Expenditure, Capital Maintenance, Additional Costs and the External costs in a proper way which can cause them profit. In capital expenditure, it includes all the expenditure of the fixed assets such as costs of the equipments and fittings, vehicles and the costs of the installation of all the washouts. In operating expenditure, it describes all the work cost, labor cost, transportation costs etc. In capital maintenance costs, it defines all the costs of the maintenance, replacing of the equipment, which they use to improve the packaged mineral water. Therefore, they have to look after all the comments and the recommendation that is mentioned in the above points of the study. By referencing and following the above recommendation of the study, they can improve their business plan in such a way that they incur only the profit. References BlaÃ…Â ¾ek, J. and Macekov, M. (2010). Regional Analysis of Public Capital Expenditure: To Which Regions Is Public Capital Expenditure Channelled to Rich or to Poor Ones?.Regional Studies, 44(6), pp.679-696. Boucekkine, R., Martinez, B. and Saglam, C. (2010). CAPITAL MAINTENANCE AS A KEY DEVELOPMENT TOOL.Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 57(5), pp.547-567. Dougherty, K., Edward, J. and Ragan, R. (2014). The value of formalism: re-examining external costs and decision costs with multiple groups.Public Choice. GCPL consolidated net up 2% on higher tax, operating expenditure. (2013).Focus on Surfactants, 2013(12), p.7. Sawicki, P. (2011). Commentary: Does additional benefit justify additional costs of insulin analogues?.BMJ, 343(sep14 1), pp.d5858-d5858. Sullivan, J. and Amacher, G. (2009). Private and Social Costs of Surface Mine Reforestation Performance Criteria.Environmental Management, 45(2), pp.311-319. Cost-Benefit Analysis. (2012). Science, 335(6076), pp.1543-1543.

Who Discoverd America Essay Example For Students

Who Discoverd America Essay The Paleolithic ancestors of the native Americans are the true original inhabitants of America, but many others deserve credit as well for the discovery of the land. Among these are Leif Erickson and the Vikings of Norway, and Christopher Columbus of Spain. Without these early visitors to the land, America would not be the thriving nation it is today. Fifteen to forty thousand years ago the first settlers of America came to the land by way of the Bering Straight. Some believe the Pacific Ocean was much lower than it is now and these early migrants could have walked across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. Others believe they used small Kayaks or walked across an ice cap. These first settlers were the Paleolithic ancestors of the Native Americans. These Asians were nomadic hunters and found the land while following herds of animals eastward. After the first band of settlers many more came who soon spread across what is now the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Present day archaeologists have unearthed many Paleolithic artifacts such as campsites, primitive tools and weapons of the early settlers. With the ability to carbon 14 test these artifacts, scientists were able to confirm that they were here as early as 4000 BC. Somewhere around 1000 AD, Leif Erickson discovered North America for the Vikings of Greenland. According to Icelandic sagas, Leif boarded his ship with thirty-five other men and sailed south of Greenland. Their first stop was somewhere near the present day Baffin Islands. He also visited a place, which he called Vineland, meaning wine land, where they found many grapes and made wine to take back to their homeland in Greenland. Leif and his crew spent the winter in Vineland and built a large house and a shed to protect their ship. No one knows the exact location of Vineland, but estimate it is somewhere in northern Newfoundland. Archaeologists found the ruins of an old Viking settlement in north Newfoundland around 1960 and suggested it might have been Vineland. Although some historians suggest that Leif must have traveled further south because grapes do not grow that far north. Other explorers sailed from Greenland to Vineland for fifteen more years. They might have even settled, but attacks by the Native Americans deterred them. After Leif Erickson and the Vikings came Christopher Columbus and the Spaniards. They were searching for the Spice Islands of the Indies, but mistakenly landed in the Bahamas in 1492. Christopher Columbus was an Italian who had a great plan to open up a new trade route to the Indies. His plan was to sail west and end up in Japan in less time than it would take to go by land. Columbus planned to sell his idea and get sponsored for his trip. Spain took him up on his deal and gave him money and ships to make his voyage in hopes that he would bring back spices and other precious materials to Spain. Columbus set sail and headed west. He found land three months later. Believing he had found the Indies he named the inhabitants Indians. This name had stuck with the Native Americans even to the present day. Columbus made three more trips to the new land not knowing he had discovered America. He died in 1506 never knowing of his tremendous discovery. So the reason he gets all the credit is bec ause he came back to civilized England and announced his findings. The Indians did not. Although the Paleolithic ancestors of the Native Americans were the true discoverers of America, Leif Erickson and Christopher Columbus deserve some credit also. Each discovered the land for their people and added another chapter to our history. .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 , .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .postImageUrl , .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 , .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:hover , .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:visited , .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:active { border:0!important; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:active , .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241 .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00d500d6a7d0a687342527ec0d0c5241:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Evolution of Hukleberry Finn EssayHistory Essays

Christopher Columbus Essays (601 words) - Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus is the most well known explorer by most school age children. When children are young, teachers tell them that Columbus was a very good person, a hero even. To be politically correct though, Christopher Columbus brought death and destruction with him to the Americas. He stole , killed, and tortured the natives. Christopher Columbus was not a true explorer, but he was a conqueror of people. When Christopher Columbus set out on his voyage(August 3rd, 1492) to find a new route to the Indies there was no way that he could know that it would turn out the way it did. When he landed at the Caribbean Islands(October 12th, 1492), the people there were scared, but still friendly toward him. This next quote is from Columbus journal: As I saw that they were very friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means than by force, Weapons they have none, nor are acquainted with them, for I showed them swords which they grasped by the blades, and cut themselves through ignorance. But they seemed on the whole to me, to be a very poor people. They all go completely naked, even the women, I was very attentive to them, and strove to learn if they had any gold. Seeing some of them with little bits of this metal hanging at their noses As you can see it was very easy for Columbus to take them over and treat them badly because they ha d no protection. That is a good example to show how cruel Columbus could act toward people he knew couldnt fight back. This is one proof of Christopher Columbus being a conqueror. In the movie we watched in class, it told us how Columbus was just out to get gold, and riches. He ordered the natives to proclaim him governor of the lands. Since he was governor he made a law that said the natives had to bring him one bag of gold dust every three months. If they did not give him this gold(simply because their wasnt that much gold on the islands) he would order to have their hands cut off, and they would bleed to death. If they escaped, then he would hunt them down with dogs. Christopher Columbus also ordered his men to hang and burn some natives that wouldnt do exactly as he told them. Diseases also spread at this time. Many of the natives never encountered sickness before, and didnt have the immunities. Some people died from the flu! The population decreased from 1 million to 1,000 in the matter of 100 years from Christopher Columbus orders. Columbus tried to use the natives as slaves but they were too frail. They werent used to that much physical labor as was expected of them on the plantations. This opened up the slave trade in Africa. More than 11 million slaves were taken from Africa by the 1800s!!!! As you can see through my essay, I believe that Christopher Columbus was a conqueror of people. There is an old saying that says,Might makes right, and the explorers back then, would go sailing around with this idea in their heads, that as soon as they came to a land that they had never seen before, they could just put up their flag and claim it. This is not exploring, and this is exactly what Christopher Columbus is recognized every October 11th for. Columbus was not a true explorer, but he was a conqueror or people.

attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur The WritePass Journal

A written project on the theme of one selected characteristic/attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur Abstract A written project on the theme of one selected characteristic/attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur ). This study will investigate the main factors that innovation should possess, and the reasons behind its success among the consumers. The main critical analysis is going to be presented in the literature review. This will lay the foundation for further investigation. Practical evidence will demonstrate the case study in relation to the researched theories. Finally, the findings from the literature review and practical evidence are going to be juxtaposed in the analysis section. Literature Review Recent research suggests that innovation is an outcome of creativity. This implies that innovation may occur, when a person realizes stimulating and new ideas, which he or she, has (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). Some companies tend to shape the work environment in order to produce the conditions that work well in terms ofthe development of the creative ideas. This is primarily associated with the integration of the particular   practices, which allow the person to relax, and, therefore, generate ideas. Hopkins, (2010) suggests that innovation is a discipline. This implies that   management of innovation may be compared with   management of   quality, where each detail is essential. This also implies that, after generation of the idea, it is important to focus on the efficient development of production, supply chain, distribution and marketing. The process of innovation development is also interlinked to the production of   business model.   It is especially intensifi ed in the context of   entrepreneurship. Drucker, (2002), suggests that innovation is sourced from the knowledge and hard work. This suggests that in order for   innovation to be successful, it is necessaryto monitor the market, to interact and seek out   opportunities to seize. As a result,, there is a small chance for accidental innovation that might emerge (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). However, given the conditions of contemporary market and situation, this chance is slim. This is correlated to the evolutionary theory, which suggests that the process of innovation production is interlinked with the dynamism of the environment and acquired knowledge and skills. Furthermore, it was added that the success of innovation is sourced from the learning abilities and behavioural traits of the entrepreneur. This implies that the values, cognition and the aims of the individual directly impact the process of innovation development (Metcalfe, 1998; Dosi, 1997). According to complexity theory, Anderson, (1999) states that the creative ideas are sourced from the environmental changes. This suggests that   individuals and companies tend to take into   account the environmental dynamism, thus shifting their perceptions, according to the global and/or domestic changes. This is further interlinked with the evaluation of the information, which is sourced from these dynamical changes. This, in turn, results in the development of the innovations. This theory is based on the estimation that the innovation should evolve, as part of the constant environmental dynamics. Contrary to this, Brown and Eisenhardt, (1998) suggest that innovation is driven by experimentation rather than evolution. This implies that the individual should always experiment, in order to create some innovative solutions. This is attributed to the â€Å"trial and error† pathway. This pathway is regarded to be quite effective as demonstrated in the recent research. It is primarily interlinked with the hard work and discipline, which is noted in the study by Hopkins, (2010). Damanpour, (1992) disagrees and states that there is no definite practice that would allow efficient production and management of the innovative products and/or services. This suggests that there are four main factors that affect the possible success of the innovation. These factors are attributed to the type of innovation, stage of innovation, scope of innovation and   organization. Given the technology industry, the scope of   innovation is not easy to define at the startup stage of innovation. It has been identified by Rothwell and Dodgson, (1995) that there is a small difference between the development of   innovation in small companies and   large corporations. It has been estimated that the process of innovation development in small companies tend to be of a behavioural nature, whereas in large corporations – of a materialistic nature. Additionally, it has been added that the process of the development of innovation in the smaller companies tends to be dependent on the industry. It is assumed that, in the technology industry, the degree of innovation’s success is increased, due to the large pool of opportunities. However, as Hopkins, (2010) has pointed out, it does require a discipline. Freeman and Soete, (1997) agree that the innovative products and services depend on the scope of RD activities. This suggests that there is a greater chance for larger corporations to implement the innovation, due to the large available funds. However, as the recent res earch demonstrates, there are a lot of entrepreneurs, who have been successful in production of innovation with limited investments (e.g. Mark Zuckerberg; Steve Jobs). Littler, Leverick and Bruce, (2003) argue that the innovative product development is associated with high risk, which is dispensed across the production and Research and Development areas. As the result, it has been proposed in the same source that increased collaboration is required in order to achieve the objectives, in relation to the innovative solutions product. These scholars have also added that the main factors that affect the increase of the risk degree is attributed to the utilization of the new technology.   Practical Evidence This section focuses on the presentation of the practical evidence of the key theories that have been analysed in the literature review section. This section is based on the integration of the case study about Facebook and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. Mark Zuckerberg, 28 is the founder of the world’s largest social networking website, Facebook. It was launched back in 2004, in the dorm room of Harvard University (CrunchBase, 2012). Prior to this, Mark Zuckerberg has tried to launch another two programs, namely a music recommendation program, Synapse and peer-to-peer client, Wirehog. However, he left them at the startup point (TechCrunch, 2012). Along with that, Mark Zuckerberg also launched Coursematch and Facemash programs during his studies at Harvard University. Facebook was originally developed for   students to interact, however it has been further extended to a global scale. As a result, Facebook has become a success internationally (New Yorker, 2010). Prior to the development of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg studied computer science, however, he has another degree in psychology. This suggests that he understands both the computer technology and human behaviour (New Yorker, 2012). With regard to the personal characteristics, Mark Zuckerberg has been described as quiet, unassuming gentleman, who focuses on hard work and achievement of the objectives. This shows that he doesn’t take anything for granted, thus focusing intensively on further development of Facebook operations. To date, Facebook has generated $1.26 billion, however, it has reported a recent loss, which is associated with the inability to develop the mobile advertising sector (CNCWorld, 2012; Information Week, 2012). The primary source of   income is attributed to the advertising since Facebook is free to subscribe. This implies that there is still   room for improvement in the mobile advertising area, whereas the main competitors already enjoy the generated prof its from this sector. The mobile advertising area has been overlooked by Mark Zuckerberg, given the recent rise in the access   to the Internet from mobile phones (New Media Trends, 2012). This implies that the modern consumers tend to utilize the mobile applications more, which is supported by the recent data that states that the number of mobile Internet users has doubled. Information Week, (2012) demonstrates that there have been 75 % of social networking users, who have accessed Facebook via their Android-supported mobile devices in U.S.A,   in March, 2012. Facebook management agrees that there is still a room for development however, the main problem is attributed to the inability to provide high resolution advertisements on small mobile screens (Information Week, 2012). This is assumed to be surprising, in the light of Mark Zuckerberg’s ability to develop the new social media platform, during the rise of the Internet. This implies that Mark Zuckerberg tends to seize the opportunities, once they arise. The main aim of Facebook, to   date, is regarded to be a willingness to make the globe a more open place, by   means of social interactions (New Yorker, 2010). However, contrary to this, Mark Zuckerberg, himself, is characterized as being private, thus not sharing a lot of information about himself. This is supported by the fact that he does not give a lot of interviews and/or make public appearances (CrunchBase, 2012). With regards to the work environment, that is managed in Facebook headquarters, it has been estimated in the recent research that the workers are driven to educate themselves while working. This is interconnected with the fact that Facebook was founded at the University so, Mark Zuckerberg is trying to transform the workplace into the educational institution in order to drive the creativity’s emergence. The design of the Facebook offices promotes openness as the key feature of Facebook program (Business Insider, 2009). This implies that   employees are not limited by the cubicles’ boundaries. Additionally, the working hours are flexible. This suggests that the employees may choose their own hours in order to deliver the best product solutions possible. Furthermore, Mark Zuckerberg tends to promote openess in interaction, suggesting that the employees are able to walk around the headquarters, thus interacting with others (Business Insider, 2009). The main aim of this i s to promote the development of the creative ideas, which would be applicable to the Facebook (Business Insider, 2009). Along with that, the main negative comments have only been attributed to the distant location of the Facebook headquarters. Additionally, some employees have stated that it is difficult to concentrate while working in the open areas. Therefore, the promoted openess does not work for everybody (Business Insider, 2009).   Analysis This section is based on the production of the links between the main theories and the key findings, derived from the practical evidence. It had been estimated that Facebook was developed, during the period, when internet, as a communication channel was starting to gain the popularity amongst the public (New Media Trends, 2012). This shows that Mark Zuckerberg had been following the evolutionary theory related to the innovative development and given his specialized knowledge and learning abilities, he scanned the environment for opportunities and dynamic changes (Anderson, 1999). In 2004, there was a limited amount of social networking platforms, presented on the market that would allow enjoyable social interaction. As a result, he developed   Facebook in order to meet the educational needs, with the limited resources available. It was based purely on the knowledge and skills he had obtained. One of the main benefits was that he could combine his technology-related knowledge with the education degree he received in psychology (Time, 2012). This has allowed the development of the social networking platform that would suit the needs of   consumers. Furthermore, the theoretical frameworks suggest that there is supposed to be a creative and relaxing environment in order to produce the innovative idea. At that time, Mark Zuckerberg has been studying in the university, which suggests that he was associated with the young and educated people with a lot of aspirations (New Yorker, 2010). Normally, in this environment, the most innovative ideas are born, so, this supports the theoretical evidence. Evolutionary theory is also supported by the fact that Mark Zuckerberg also tried to integrate other social media products but he failed to succeed with some of them. This demonstrates a certain degree of learning, integrated in the process of the innovation development. This implies that after the failure of his previous innovations , he has advanced the process of innovative solutions production, based on the mistakes he had made (CrunchBase, 2012). Additionally, the process of innovation production has been supported by the acquired and/or natural behavioural traits of the entrepreneur. This suggests that Mark Zuckerberg has always been a hard worker whilst eliminating the need â€Å"to take everything for granted† (Time, 2012). Therefore, he has always been focused on the achievement of his objectives. The elements of the accidental innovation may be followed once Facebook had become popular outside the university. This shows that, despite the primary educational objectives related to the Facebook platform, Mark Zuckerberg accidentally met the needs of a wider international audience (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). This was the starting point   of Facebook’s success. At the moment, being a large corporation,   Facebook constantly updates the website with new applications, as a result of the evaluation of the consumer needs and environment. However, some subscribers tend to be confused with the constant changes that Facebook integrates (Guardian, 2010). In this case, the aspects of experimentation are demonstrated. These can be traced inthe theory of â€Å"trial and error†, which suggests the evaluation of the most profitable products and services based on experimentation (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1998). This is proved to be effective, however it also drives a larg e degree of confusion amongst the subscribers. Another critical aspect is attributed to the problem with the mobile advertising, which has resulted in the decrease of the revenues of Facebook, recently (Business Insider, 2012). This suggests that management of the company failed to scan the environment in order to integrate the necessary solutions with regards to the emergence of the new trend. As the result, this has negatively resulted in the poor company’s performance (Business Insider, 2012). This is said to be especially surprising, given the ability of Mark Zuckerberg to seize the opportunities and the scope of the modern Facebook corporation. This is supported by the literature review findings, which suggest that it is much easier for larger corporations to integrate innovative solutions due to the large funding available for Research and Development activities (Freeman and Soete, 1997). In this case, at the moment, Facebook failed to do that. Recent data demonstrates that another reason behind this, is attributed to the lack of clear strategic vision. This implies that Mark Zuckerberg aims at the delivery of accidental innovations rather than the result of a clear strategic vision (Business Insider, 2009). He expects the innovation to appear as a result of the management of the creative environment. It has been estimated in the literature review that it is necessary to promote the discipline during the process of innovation development (Hopkins, 2010). However, with regards to Facebook’s work conditions, it is not necessarily applicable. This implies that the company aims to integrate open interactions and flexible working hours. This is said to be appealing for the majority of employees. However there are some employees, who   state that it is hard to concentrate while working in this sort of environment. As a result, Facebook aims to promote the casual and relaxing environment, which would allow development of creative solutions. Conclusion This paper was aimed at discussing research on innovation within the entrepreneurship context. It focused on the exploration of the Facebook case and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. The main theories have indicated that there are several patterns of innovation development, namely accidental innovation production, evolutionary, experimental and complexity theories. The Literature review has also demonstrated that environment also plays a large role in the process of innovation development. Other scholars suggest that the success of innovation depends on the entrepreneur’s personal characteristic and actual characteristics attributed to the innovation. The main findings, based on the analysis of one of the greatest entrepreneurs, have demonstrated that the innovation’s production process incorporates   elements of accidental process and both experimental and evolutionary processes. Additionally, it has been estimated that the dynamics of the environment and personal chara cteristics of the entrepreneur tend to play a large role in relation to the worldwide success of the innovation. However, it is essential to further update the innovations in order to stay on the market. This, in turn, may also incorporate the elements of the experimentation. However, one of the main factors is related to the ability to seize the opportunities. References: Anderson, P. (1999). Complexity theory and organization science. Organization Science, 10, 3, 216 – 232 Austin, R., L. Devin, and E. Sullivan. (2012). Accidental Innovation: Supporting Valuable Unpredictability in the Creative Process. Organization Science, 23, 5, 1505-1522. Brown, S. L. and K. Eisenhardt (1998). Competing on the Edge Strategy as Structured Chaos. Harvard Business School Press: USA Business Insider, (2012). From $0 To $1 Billion In Two Quarters – Facebooks Mobile Ad Business Is Suddenly Huge. Available from: businessinsider.com/starting-from-0-facebook-has-created-a-1-billion-mobile-ad-business-in-just-two-quarters-2012-10 (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Business Insider , (2012). What Is It Like Working At Facebook?. Available from: businessinsider.com/what-is-it-like-working-at-facebook-2009-12?op=1 (Accessed on 13/11/2012) CNC World, (2012). Facebook ADs revenue rises. Available from: cncworld.tv/news/v_show/28730_Facebook_ADs_revenue_rises.shtml (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Crunch Base, (2012).   Mark Zuckerberg. Available from: crunchbase.com/person/mark-zuckerberg (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Damanpour, F. (1992). Organization size and innovation. Organization Studies, 13, 3, 375 – 402 Dosi, G. (1997). Opportunities, Incentives and the Collective Patterns of Technological Change. The Economic Journal, 107, September Drucker, P.F. (2002). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 80, 8, 95-102 Freeman, C. and L. Soete (1997). The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Third Ed., London: Pinter Guardian, (2010). How to Confuse a Facebook User. Available from: guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/feb/11/facebook-readwriteweb (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Hoovers, (2012). Facebook Company Information. Available from: hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Facebook_Inc.f1fe73cc6a208e18.html (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Hopkins M. (2010). Innovation Isn’t ‘Creativity,’ It’s a Discipline You Manage. MitSloan Management Review, February Information Week, (2012). Facebook Hits 1 Billion Users: Now The Hard Part. Available from: informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/social_networking_consumer/240008527/facebook-hits-1-billion-users-now-the-hard-part (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Littler, D., Leverick, F., Bruce, M., (2003). Factors affecting the process of collaborative product development:   a study of UK manufacturers of information and communications technology products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12, 1, 16-32 Metcalfe, J. (1998). Cognitive optimism: Self-deception or memory based processing heuristics?. Personality Social Psychology Review, 2, 100-110 New Media Trend Watch, (2012), Available from: newmediatrendwatch.com/ (Accessed on 13/11/2012) New Yorker, (2010).The Face of Facebook. Available from: newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Rogers, M (1998).   The Definition and Measurement of Innovation. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, p.6, The University of Melbourne: Australia Rothwell R. and M. Dodgson (1995), Innovation and Size of Firm, in Dodgson, M. and Rothwell, R., eds., The Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 310-324 Tech Crunch, (2012). Mark Zuckerberg: Our Biggest Mistake Was Betting Too Much On HTML5. Available from: http://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/mark-zuckerberg-our-biggest-mistake-with-mobile-was-betting-too-much-on-html5/ (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Time, (2012). Is It Time for Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg to Step Aside as CEO?. Available from: http://business.time.com/2012/08/01/is-it-time-for-facebooks-mark-zuckerberg-to-step-aside-as-ceo/ (Accessed on 13/11/2012)

Choose a Psychology-related JOURNAL ARTICLE Essay

Choose a Psychology-related JOURNAL ARTICLE - Essay Example Creativity constitutes the dependent variable for this research; however, the authors acknowledge that the directionality of the relationship between the two variables is not so obvious. Providing a conceptual and operational understanding for the concept of creativity, the authors clearly explain several essential personality traits such as tolerance of ambiguity, self-confidence and intrinsic motivation. They also use the theory of five personality traits (McCrae, & Costa, 1999) that they believe correlate with creativity. Maddux and Galinsky believe that precisely openness to experience is the most significant of these traits, which is fully congruent with their hypothesis. The literature review provided in the introductory section also describes some essential characteristics of multicultural and diverse experiences, especially the experience of living abroad. The findings of the present research are based on analysis of five empirical studies that seek to explain how foreign experience might be relates to creativity. Creativity is measured through the performance of participants on different creativity tasks in different studies The first two studies focus on the question of how does the duration of time spent abroad impacts on creativity. The first study involves a sample size of 205 university students. Among the independent measures there were the age, gender, nationality and if the respondents have ever lived or traveled abroad and the duration of they staying abroad. The dependent measure of the study consisted of classification of result of creativity task. The authors revealed statistically significant association between performance of the individual on creativity task and the duration of living abroad. Besides, they revealed a significant and negative association between the duration of traveling abroad and the creativity as measured through task performance. Such finding is in line with the